Saint Alphonsus Maria de' Liguori, C.Ss.R. When he was preparing for the priesthood in Naples, his masters were of the rigid school, for though the center of Jansenistic disturbance was in northern Europe, no shore was so remote as not to feel the ripple of its waves. St. Alphonsus Liguori Born at Marianella, near Naples, 27 September, 1696; died at Nocera de' Pagani, 1 August, 1787. He was a lawyer by the time he was 16 years old! These form the first book of the work, while the second contains the treatises on Faith, Hope, and Charity. The "Moral Theology", after a historical introduction by the Saint's friend, P. Zaccaria, S.J., which was omitted, however, from the eighth and ninth editions, begins with a treatise "De Conscientia", followed by one "De Legibus". As it was, he was refused the royal exequatur to the Brief of Benedict XIV, and State recognition of his Institute as a religious congregation till the day of his death. The "Glories of Mary", "The Selva", "The True Spouse of Christ", "The Great Means of Prayer", "The Way of Salvation", "Opera Dogmatica, or History of the Council of Trent", and "Sermons for all the Sundays in the Year", are the best known. It is not necessary to notice certain non-Catholic attacks on Alphonsus as a patron of lying. Alphonsus being so old and so inform he was eighty-five, crippled, deaf, and nearly blind his one chance of success was to be faithfully served by friends and subordinates, and he was betrayed at every turn. "You have founded the Congregation and you have destroyed it", said one Father to him. He died on August 1 at Nocera. a special feature of his method was the return of the missionaries, after an interval of some months, to the scene of their labours to consolidate their work by what was called the "renewal of a mission.". He died peacefully on August 1,1787, at Nocera di Pagani, near Naples as the Angelus was ringing. Entdecke ST. ROSE VON LIMA, SCHWESTER MARY ALPHONSUS katholisches heiliges Buch in groer Auswahl Vergleichen Angebote und Preise Online kaufen bei eBay Kostenlose Lieferung fr viele Artikel! The family was an old and noble one, though the branch to which the Saint belonged had become somewhat impoverished. Filangieri forbade any change of rule and removed Falcoia from all communication with the convent. By age nineteen he was practicing law, but he saw the transitory nature of the secular world, and after a brief time, retreated from the law courts and his fame. He had to endure a real persecution for two months. At three different times in his missions, while preaching, a ray of light from a picture of Our Lady darted towards him, and he fell into an ecstasy before the people. The wine had changed into blood; clotted and separated into 5 different sized clots. The dissensions even spread to the nuns, and Sister Maria Celeste herself left Scala and founded a convent at Foggia, where she died in the odour of sanctity, 14 September, 1755. Today I would like to present to you the figure of a holy Doctor of the Church to whom we are deeply indebted because he was an outstanding moral theologian and a teacher of spiritual . Alphonsus's father, Don Joseph de' Liguori was a naval officer and Captain of the Royal Galleys. St. Alphonsus Liguori. Alternate titles: Saint Alfonso Liguori, Saint Alfonso Maria de Liguori, Saint Alphonsus Maria deLiguori. Confident that some special sacrifice was required of him, though he did not yet know what, he did not return to his profession, but spent his days in prayer, seeking to know God's will. In 1762 he was appointed Bishop of Sant'Agata dei Goti. . Resuming the General Audiences after the summer break the last was held on 27 June in the Vatican the Pope . [5] He remarked later that he was so small at the time that he was almost buried in his doctor's gown and that all the spectators laughed. Visiting the local Hospital for Incurables on August 28, 1723, he had a vision and was told to consecrate his life solely to God. [2] Moreover, he heard an interior voice saying: "Leave the world, and give yourself to me."[5]. This occurred twice. Key Concepts; Teachings; Visions; Search Revelations . Corrections? Preaching, Eugene Grimm ed., Benziger Brothers, New York, 1887, Liguori, Alphonsus. Still it must in fairness be admitted that all priests are not great theologians able to estimate intrinsic probability at its true worth, and the Church herself might be held to have conceded something to pure probabilism by the unprecedented honours she paid to the Saint in her Decree of 22 July, 1831, which allows confessors to follow any of St. Alphonsus's own opinions without weighing the reasons on which they were based. This has recently been translated into English with additions and corrections (Dublin, 2 vols., royal SVO); DUMORTIER, Les premihres Redemptoristines (Lille, 1886), and Le Phre Antoine-Marie Tannoia (Paris, 1902), contain some useful information; as does BERRUTI, Lo Spirito di S. Alfonso Maria de Liguori, 3 ed. Both of them were canonized on the same day as the Holy Doctor, 26 May, 1839. Could he have been what an Anglo-Saxon would consider a miracle of calm, he would have seemed to his companions absolutely inhuman. Any unauthorized use, without prior written consent of Catholic Online is strictly forbidden and prohibited. Many years before, in Rome, Falcoia had been shown a vision of a new religious family of men and women whose particular aim should be the perfect imitation of the virtues of Our Lord. An interesting series of portraits might be painted of those who play a part in the Saint's history: Charles III and his minister Tanucci; Charle's son Ferdinand, and Ferdinand's strange and unhappy Queen, Maria Carolina, daughter of Maria Teresa and sister of Marie Antoinette. When the day came the future Saint made a brilliant opening speech and sat down confident of victory. Please help support the mission of New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download. In the end the Rule was so altered as to be hardly recognizable, the very vows of religion being abolished. St. Alphonsus Liguori's prayer to Jesus Christ to obtain His holy love comes from the "Rule of Life", a guide for growing in holiness. The Saint had four houses, but during his lifetime it not only became impossible in the Kingdom of Naples to get any more, but even the barest toleration for those he had could scarcely be obtained. If any reader of this article will go to original sources and study the Saint's life at greater length, he will not find his labour thrown away. His works have gone through several thousand editions and have been translated into more than 60 languages. Office Hours: Mon - Fri: 8am-4pm, Saturday: 9am-12pm . The Catholic Encyclopedia. He became very popular because of his plain and simple preaching. At all events, it proved disastrous in the result. In 1724, soon after Alphonsus left the world, a postulant, Julia Crostarosa, born in Naples on 31 October, 1696, and hence almost the same age as the Saint, entered the convent of Scala. His own prayer was perhaps for the most part what some call "active", others "ordinary", contemplation. But when the question was put to the community, opposition began. Alphonsus was the oldest of seven children, raised by a devout mother of Spanish descent. He had a love for the lower animals, and wild creatures who fled from all else would come to him as to a friend. Then God called him to his life work. Don Joseph de' Liguori had his faults. St. Alphonsus likened the conflict between law and liberty to a civil action in which the law has the onus probandi, although greater probabilities give it a verdict. Nihil Obstat. In 1749, the Rule and Institute of men were approved by Pope Benedict XIV, and in 1750, the Rule and Institute of the nuns. Some persons, boasting of being free from prejudices, take great credit to themselvesfor believing no miracles but those recorded in the holy scriptures, esteeming all others. In 1871, he was declared a Doctor of the Church. Again, we have a friendship of thirty years with the great Venetian publishing house of Remondini, whose letters from the Saint, carefully preserved as became business men, fill a quarto volume. It is a matter for friendly controversy, but it seems there was a real difference, though not as great in practice as is supposed, between the Saint's later teaching and that current in the Society. St. Alphonsus Liguori Catholic Church is known far and wide as "The Rock." The parish is staffed by the Redemptorists, making history in 1922 when it began the weekly novena in honor of Our Mother of Perpetual Help. Filingeri, was made Archbishop of Naples, the Saint would not write to congratulate the new primate, even at the risk of making another powerful enemy for his persecuted Congregation, because he thought he could not honestly say he "was glad to hear of the appointment." It was this which gave St. Alphonsus the bent head which we notice in the portraits of him. His best plan would have been to consult the Holy See, but in this he had been forestalled. It was this which made him the prince of moral theologians, and gained him, when canonization made it possible, the title of "Doctor of the Church". In fact, in the beginning, the young priest in his humility would not be Superior even of the house, judging one of his companions, John Baptist Donato, better fitted for the post because he had already had some experience of community life in another institute. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Soon after this the boy began his studies for the Bar, and about the age of nineteen practised his profession in the courts. In the end a compromise was arrived at. Updates? This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Alfonso-Maria-de-Liguori, The Catholic Encyclopedia - Biography of St. Alphonsus Liguori. The English translation of the work is projected to be around 5 volumes. On 28 August, 1723, the young advocate had gone to perform a favourite act of charity by visiting the sick in the Hospital for Incurables. On 23 October of the same year, 1723, the Saint put on the clerical dress. Yet, to take anger alone, though comparatively early in life he seemed dead to insult or injury which affected himself, in cases of cruelty, or of injustice to others, or of dishonour to God, he showed a prophet's indignation even in old age. " Wonderful worship experience ". In April 1729, the Apostle of China, Matthew Ripa, founded a missionary college in Naples, which became known colloquially as the "Chinese College". But how was Alphonsus to grow in this so necessary virtue when he was in authority nearly all his life? He was thinking of leaving the profession and wrote to someone, "My friend, our profession is too full of difficulties and dangers; we lead an unhappy life and run risk of dying an unhappy death". Much of the material for a complete life of St. Alphonsus is still in manuscript in the Roman archives of the Redemptorist Congregation and in the archives of the Sacred Congregation of Bishops and Regulars. This is the great question of "Probabilism". Tannoia was born about 1724 and entered the Redemptorist Congregation in 1746. The cause of this was "regalism", the omnipotence of kings even in matters spiritual, which was the system of government in Naples as in all the Bourbon States. When he heard from her of the devotion of the Rosary, which she practiced, and the letter she had received, he ordered all the others to repeatit, and it is related that this monastery became a paradise. Other personal friends of Alphonsus were the Jesuit Fathers de Matteis, Zaccaria, and Nonnotte. The childish fault for which he most reproached himself in after-life was resisting his father too strongly when he was told to take part in a drawing-room play. In 1762 he was appointed Bishop of Sant'Agata dei Goti. They also fought Jansenism, a heresy that preached an excessive moral rigorism: "the penitents should be treated as souls to be saved rather than as criminals to be punished". The eighteenth century was not an age remarkable for depth of spiritual life, yet it produced three of the greatest missionaries of the Church, St. Leonard of Port Maurice, St. Paul of the Cross, and St. Alphonsus Liguori. There is a somewhat unsatisfactory French translation of Tannoia's work. In a riot which took place during the terrible famine that fell upon Southern Italy in 1764, he saved the life of the syndic of St. Agatha by offering his own to the mob. Raised in a pious home, Alphonsus went on retreats with his father, Don Joseph, who was a naval officer and a captain of the Royal Galleys. Thank you. Whenthey had withdrawn into another room, the appearance of the youth changed, and Heshowed Himself crowned with thorns, His flesh torn, and said to her: Prayers in Times of Sickness Disease & Danger, True Devotion to Mary (St. Louis de Montfort), The Glories of Mary (St. Alphonsus Liguori), A young nobleman was reading one day, while at sea, an obscene book, in which he. Dissension within the congregation culminated in 1777 when he was deceived into signing what he thought was a royal sanction for his rule. He finally agreed to become a priest but to live at home as a member of a group of secular missionaries. St. Alphonsus Liguori was an Italian Catholic bishop, spiritual writer, composer, musician, artist, poet, lawyer, scholastic philosopher, and theologian. If we except a few poems published in 1733 (the Saint was born in 1696), his first work, a tiny volume called "Visits to the Blessed Sacrament", only appeared in 1744 or 1745, when he was nearly fifty years old. by S. HORNER (Edinburgh, 1858); VON REUMONT, Die Carafa von Maddaloni (Berlin, 1851, 2 vols. March 1, 1907. In addition his father made him practice the harpsichord for three hours a day, and at the age of thirteen he played with the perfection of a master. His promotion to the episcopate in 1762 led to a renewal of his missionary activity, but in a slightly different form. Infidelity and impiety were gaining ground; Voltaire and Rousseau were the idols of society; and the ancien rgime, by undermining religion, its one support, was tottering to its fall. The days were indeed evil. Had it happened a few years later, the new Government might have found the Redemptorist Congregation already authorized, and as Tanucci's anti-clerical policy rather showed itself in forbidding new Orders than, with the exception of the Society of Jesus, in suppressing old ones, the Saint might have been free to develop his work in comparative peace. He felt as if his career was ruined, and left the court almost beside himself, saying: "World, I know you now. There are many editions of the Saint's Moral Theology; the best and latest is that of P. GAUDI, C.SS.R. Pardon me, my God. A strong defender of the Catholic Church, Liguori said: To reject the divine teaching of the Catholic Church is to reject the very basis of reason and revelation, for neither the principles of the one nor those of the other have any longer any solid support to rest on; they can then be interpreted by every one as he pleases; every one can deny all truths whatsoever he chooses to deny. [4] Myopia and chronic asthma precluded a military career so his father had him educated in the legal profession. Ecclesiastical approbation. See also HASSALL, The Balance of Power (1715-89) (London, 1901); COLLETTA, History of the Kingdom of Naples, 1734-1825, 2 vols., tr. Moral Theology (also known as the Theologia Moralis) is a nine-volume work concerning Catholic moral theology written between 1748 and 1785 by Alphonsus Liguori, a Catholic theologian and Doctor of the Church.This work is not to be confused with Theologia moralis universa ad mentem S. Alphonsi, a 19th-century treatise by Pietro Scavini written in the philosophical tradition of Alphonsus Liguori. Actually, the document was a new rule devised by one of his enemies, thus causing the followers of the old rule to break away. Falcoia, hearing of this, begged his friend to give a retreat to the nuns of his Conservatorium at the same time. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:Herbermann, Charles, ed. A pure and modest boyhood passed into a manhood without reproach. Addeddate One branch of the new Institute seen by Falcoia in vision was thus established. Lord, When Did We See You Hungry or Thirsty or a Stranger or Naked or Ill or in Prison? Vol. He suspended those priests who celebrated Mass in less than 15 minutes and sold his carriage and episcopal ring to give the money to the poor. Born: September 27, 1696. "St. Alphonsus Liguori." Soon after, Falcoia made known to the latter his vocation to leave Naples and establish an order of missionaries at Scala, who should work above all for the neglected goatherds of the mountains. The foundation of all subsequent lives is the Della vita ed istituto del venerabile Alfonso Maria Liguori, of ANTONY TANNOIA, one of the great biographies of literature. He was now free, subject to the approval of the Bishop of Scala, to act with regard to the convent as he thought best. Shop St. Alphonsus Marie Liguori. A respected opponent was the redoubtable Dominican controversialist, P. Vincenzo Patuzzi, while to make up for hard blows we have another Dominican, P. Caputo, President of Alphonsus's seminary and a devoted helper in his work of reform. [5], By May 1775, Alphonus was "deaf, blind, and laden with so many infirmities, that he has no longer even the appearance of a man", and his resignation was accepted by the recently crowned Pope Pius VI. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Believe me who have experienced it, and now weep over it." On 1 April, 1733, all the companions of Alphonsus except one lay brother, Vitus Curtius, abandoned him, and founded the Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament, which, confined to the Kingdom of Naples, was extinguished in 1860 by the Italian Revolution. He was somewhat worldly and ambitious, at any rate for his son, and was rough tempered when opposed. He was beatified in 1816 and canonized in 1839. St. Alphonsus was so scrupulous about truth that when, in 1776, the regalist, Mgr. His sermons were very effective at converting those who had been alienated from their faith. But as he drew up a rule for them, formed from that of the Visitation nuns, he does not seem to have had any clear idea of establishing the new institute of his vision. (Rome, 1896). The Glories of Mary ( Italian: Le glorie di Maria) is a classic book in the field of Roman Catholic Mariology, written during the 18th century by Saint Alphonsus Liguori, a Doctor of the Church . The immediate author of what was practically a lifelong persecution of the Saint was the Marquis Tanucci, who entered Naples in 1734. Alphonsus' last illness and Deaths 548 CHAPTER XXXVII. St. Alphonsus tell us: "Modern heretics make a mockery of wearing the Scapular, they decry it as so much trifling nonsense." Yet many of the popes have approved and recommended it. Sarnelli was almost openly supported by the all-powerful Tanucci, and the suppression of the Congregation at last seemed a matter of days, when on 26 October, 1776, Tanucci, who had offended Queen Maria Carolina, suddenly fell from power. He had a pleasant smile, and his conversation was very agreeable, yet he had great dignity of manner. According to him, those were paths closed to the Gospel because "such rigour has never been taught nor practised by the Church". The result of the retreat to the nuns was that the young priest, who before had been prejudiced by reports in Naples against the proposed new Rule, became its firm supporter, and even obtained permission from the Bishop of Scala for the change. Alphonsus was what we call a "gifted" student today. Imprimatur. Under the government of the Marquis della Sambuca, who, though a great regalist, was a personal friend of the Saint's, there was promise of better times, and in August, 1779, Alphonsus's hopes were raised by the publication of a royal decree allowing him to appoint superiors in his Congregation and to have a novitiate and house of studies. In this state of exclusion he lived for seven years more and in it he died. The family was of noble lineage, but the branch to which Liguori belonged had become somewhat impoverished. His devotion to the Blessed Sacrament and to Our Lady was extraordinary. Saint Alphonsus Liguori (1696-1787) was a Neapolitan who founded the Redemptorist Order of priests, a congregation dedicated to providing parish missions, especially to the poor in rural areas. On 3 October, 1731, the eve of the feast of St. Francis, she saw Our Lord with St. Francis on His right hand and a priest on His left. In December, 1724, he received minor orders, and the subdiaconate in September, 1725. In 1731, while he was ministering to earthquake victims in the town of Foggia, Alphonsus said he had a vision of the Virgin Mother in the appearance of a young girl of 13 or 14, wearing a white veil. "Let us have it." Transcription. Saint Alphonsus Liguori; Revelation Delivered Through Frances Marie Klug A fearful commotion arose. After 1752 Alphonsus gave fewer missions. As he did not die till 1808 (his work appeared in 1799) he was a companion of the Saint for over forty years and an eyewitness of much that he relates. The basic elements of an Act of Spiritual Communion are an Act of Faith, an Act of Love, a desire to receive Christ, and an . The Saint's complete dogmatic works have been translated into Latin by P. WALTER, C.SS.R., S. Alphonsi Mariae de Liguori Ecclesiae Doctoris Opera Dogmatica, (New York, 1903, 2 vols., 4to). This article was transcribed for New Advent by Paul T. Crowley. Clarence F. Galli. Not many details have come down to us of Alphonsus's childhood. His father opposed the plan, but after two months (and with his Oratorian confessor's permission), he and his father compromised: he would study for the priesthood, but not as an Oratorian, and would live at home. In 1725, while still a novice, she had a series of visions in which she saw a new order (apparently of nuns only) similar to that revealed to Falcoia many years before. It is remarkable that only 25 years after the Scapular vision, Blessed Pope Gregory X was buried So bent was it in the beginning, that the pressure of his chin produced a dangerous wound in the chest. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Most were in favour of accepting, but the superior objected and appealed to Filangieri, Falcoia's colleague in establishing the convent, and now, as General of the "Pii Operarii", his superior. A voice said "This is he whom I have chosen to be head of My Institute, the Prefect General of a new Congregation of men who shall work for My glory." He called his system Equiprobabilism. But Alphonsus's director, Father Pagano; Father Fiorillo, a great Dominican preacher; Father Manulio, Provincial of the Jesuits; and Vincent Cutica, Superior of the Vincentians, supported the young priest, and, 9 November, 1732, the "Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer", or as it was called for seventeen years, "of the Most Holy Saviour", was begun in a little hospice belonging to the nuns of Scala. At the age of sixteen, on 21 January, 1713, he took his degree as Doctor of Laws, although twenty was the age fixed by the statutes. . The saints are not inhuman but real men of flesh and blood, however much some hagiographers may ignore the fact. She was declared Venerable 11 August, 1901. Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 1969), p. 99, Appendix to his work on the Council of Trent, Saint Alphonsus Liguori, patron saint archive, St. Alphonsus 'Rock' Liguori Church (St. Louis), "St. Alphonsus Liguori, Our Founder", Redemptorists, Baltimore Province, Tannoja, Antonio. He first addressed ecclesiastical abuses in the diocese, reformed the seminary and spiritually rehabilitated the clergy and faithful. He founded the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer (the Redemptorists). Catholic Encyclopedia. Although the doctors succeeded in straightening the neck a little, the Saint for the rest of his life had to drink at meals through a tube. This article was transcribed for New Advent by Paul T. Crowley. Castle, H. (1907). The German life, DILGSKRON, Leben des heiligen Bischofs und Kirchenlehrers, Alfonsus Maria de Liguori (New York, 1887), is scholarly and accurate. . a fresh vision of Sister Maria Celeste seemed to show that such was the will of God. Besides his Moral Theology, the Saint wrote a large number of dogmatic and ascetical works nearly all in the vernacular. The answer is that God kept him humble by interior trials. The other was not to be long delayed. Except in '45, in all of these, down to the first shot fired at Lexington, the English-speaking world was on one side and the Bourbon States, including Naples, on the other. Alphonsus was preaching missions in the rural areas and writing. He was born Alphonsus Marie Antony John Cosmos Damien Michael Gaspard de Liguori on September 27,1696, at Marianella, near Naples, Italy. There was a considerable difference in age between the two men, for Falcoia, born in 1663, was now sixty-six, and Alphonsus only thirty-three, but the old priest and the young had kindred souls. (London, 1904). But, before relating the episode of the "Regolamento", as it is called, we must speak of the period of the Saint's episcopate which intervened. The early years, following the founding of the new order, were not promising. God, however, intended the new institute to begin with these nuns of Scala. St. Alphonsus Liguori. Alphonsus Mary Antony John Cosmas Damian Michael Gaspard de' Liguori was born in his father's country house at Marianella near Naples, on Tuesday, 27 September, 1696. But before he called a witness the opposing counsel said to him in chilling tones: "Your arguments are wasted breath. Theabbot of that monastery soon after visited it, and attempted to reform it, but he didnot succeed; and one day he saw a great number of demons entering the cells of all thenuns except that of Jane, for the heavenly mother, before whose image he saw herpraying, banished them from that. [7] At 27, after having lost an important case, the first he had lost in eight years of practising law, he made a firm resolution to leave the profession of law. He is credited with the position of Aequiprobabilism, which avoided Jansenist rigorism as well as laxism and simple probabilism. A justly celebrated life is the Vie et Institut de Saint Alphonse-Marie de Liguori, in four volumes, by CARDINAL VILLECOURT, (Tournai, 1893). Among his best known works are The Glories of Mary and The Way of the Cross, the latter still used in parishes during Lenten devotions. In 1871 he was named a doctor of the church by Pope Pius IX. [5], A gifted musician and composer, he wrote many popular hymns and taught them to the people in parish missions. Three years later he published the first sketch of his "Moral Theology" in a single quarto volume called "Annotations to Busembaum", a celebrated Jesuit moral theologian. As it was traditionally associated with the zampogna, or large-format Italian bagpipe, it became known as Canzone d'i zampognari, the "Carol of the Bagpipers". Dissensions arose, the Saint's former friend and chief companion, Vincent Mannarini, opposing him and Falcoia in everything. His friend the Grand Almoner betrayed him; his two envoys for negotiating with the Grand Almoner, Fathers Majone and Cimino, betrayed him, consultors general though they were. An attack of rheumatic fever, from May 1768 to June 1769, left him paralyzed. Blessed Clement Hofbauer joined the Redemptorist congregation in the aged Saint's lifetime, though Alphonsus never saw in the flesh the man whom he knew would be the second founder of his Order. He was buried at the monastery of the Pagani near Naples. He had nearly completed his ninety-first year. In 1732 he founded the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer, or the Redemptorists, at Scala. St. Alphonsus Liguori, in full Saint Alphonsus Maria de' Liguori, Alphonsus also spelled Alfonso, (born September 27, 1696, Marianella, Kingdom of Naples [Italy]died August 1, 1787, Pagani; canonized 1839; feast day August 1), Italian doctor of the church, one of the chief 18th-century moral theologians, and founder of the Redemptorists, a Alphonsus agreed to both requests and set out with his two friends, John Mazzini and Vincent Mannarini, in September, 1730. Saint Alphonsus De Liguori Usage Public Domain Topics Blessed Virgin Mary, Miracles, Apparitions, Conversion, Saints, Rosary, Sin, Repentance, Catholic Collection opensource Language English Stories from St Alphonsus De Liguori, which he culled from various sources, which can be seen in the larger work, "The Glories of Mary".
Craigslist Section 8 Houses For Rent In South Suburbs,
Wilcox County, Alabama Plantations,
Articles S
