Now Cyrillic is the third alphabet in the European Union after Latin and Greek. With the orthographic reform of Saint Evtimiy of Tarnovo and other prominent representatives of the Tarnovo Literary School of the 14th and 15th centuries, such as Gregory Tsamblak and Constantine of Kostenets, the school influenced Russian, Serbian, Wallachian and Moldavian medieval culture. If you can't find any email from us, note that it might have been ended up in your spam folder. In Daniels and Bright, eds. Currently, Cyrillic is in use by more than 50 languages, including Russian, Ukrainian, Serbian, Kazakh, Turkmen, and many more. The Cyrillic script currently used for Kazakh has 42 symbols (33 derived from the Russian alphabet plus nine for additional Kazakh sounds). As of 2011, around 252 million people in . How to Market Your Business with Webinars? The characters in the range U+048A to U+052F are additional letters for various languages that are written with Cyrillic script. Northeast Caucasian languages are generally written using Cyrillic alphabets. Some currency signs have derived from Cyrillic letters: The development of Cyrillic typography passed directly from the medieval stage to the late Baroque, without a Renaissance phase as in Western Europe. Notes: Depending on fonts available, the Bulgarian row may appear identical to the Russian row. Some experts think this decision highlights the cooling in relations between Kazakhstan and Russia, a desire to distance away . Therefore, Cyril found a unique way to solve this problem. Algunas de estas, como , y provienen del alfabeto glagoltico y podran presentar un desafo a primera vista. Slavic languages, also called Slavonic languages, group of Indo-European languages spoken in most of eastern Europe, much of the Balkans, parts of central Europe, and the northern part of Asia. ), it never indicates /j/ in native words. Computer fonts typically default to the Central/Eastern, Russian letterforms, and require the use of OpenType Layout (OTL) features to display the Western, Bulgarian or Southern, Serbian/Macedonian forms. more triangular, and , like Greek delta and lambda . 2 How many people use Cyrillic worldwide? Which countries in the EU use the Cyrillic alphabet? Cyrillic is an official or co-official script in the post-Yugoslav of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia, which may become members of the EU in the coming decade. Iotation was indicated by ligatures formed with the letter : (not an ancestor of modern Ya, , which is derived from ), , (ligature of and ), , . The literature produced in Old Church Slavonic soon spread north from Bulgaria and became the lingua franca of the Balkans and Eastern Europe. A great place to start learning is Duolingos own Ukrainian and Russian courses! The Belarusian alphabet displays the following features: The Ukrainian alphabet displays the following features: The Rusyn language is spoken by the Carpatho-Rusyns in Carpathian Ruthenia, Slovakia, and Poland, and the Pannonian Rusyns in Croatia and Serbia. It was officially approved in 1982 and started to be widely used by 1987.[7]. This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 01:54. Since 1851 at least, the holiday has been known as the "Day of the Bulgarian script" in some areas. If youre interested in learning any of these languages or if youre just generally curious about the Cyrillic script and its rich history, weve got you covered! West South Slavic languages, such as Serbian, share common features such as and . It is now possible to learn the Cyrillic alphabets via online tutorials available over the web as well. Now Cyrillic scripts are certainly used by speakers of Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian. Standard Cyrillic-to-Latin transliteration systems include: See also Romanization of Belarusian, Bulgarian, Kyrgyz, Russian, Macedonian and Ukrainian. A few exceptions include: To indicate stressed or long vowels, combining diacritical marks can be used after the respective letter (for example, U+0301 COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT: etc.). Romani is written in Cyrillic in Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria and the former USSR. ), distancing it from the Church Slavonic alphabet in use prior to the reform. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Some letters may come from the same or similar-looking Greek letters, but after years of use and transformation, theyve come to represent different sounds in the Cyrillic and Latin alphabets. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cyrillic-alphabet, Omniglot - History and Development of the Cyrillic Alphabet. Under the provisions of that law, Latin would become an auxiliary script. Take these letters, for example: Be careful, though! Enter a Melbet promo code and get a generous bonus, An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. Saints Cyril and Methodius "Cyril and Methodius, Saints) 869 and 884, respectively, "Greek missionaries, brothers, called Apostles to the Slavs and fathers of Slavonic literature. There are various systems for Romanization of Cyrillic text, including transliteration to convey Cyrillic spelling in Latin letters, and transcription to convey pronunciation. Just like how in Spanish, you'll see , and in French, you'll see , you'll find some symbols in the Cyrillic script that show up in some languages' alphabets and not others! In Czech and Slovak, which have never used Cyrillic, "azbuka" refers to Cyrillic and contrasts with "abeceda", which refers to the local Latin script and is composed of the names of the first letters (A, B, C, and D). is used on rare occasions (only after a consonant [and] before the vowel ""), such as in the words '' (canyon), '' (driver), etc. You might notice that several Cyrillic letters look and sound extremely similar to letters in the Latin alphabet. The letters also had numeric values, based not on Cyrillic alphabetical order, but inherited from the letters' Greek ancestors. [8], A number of prominent Bulgarian writers and scholars worked at the school, including Naum of Preslav until 893; Constantine of Preslav; Joan Ekzarh (also transcr. I'm interested in learning how this process has been perceived by Ukrainians and whether there are any lessons that can be drawn from it. Which EU countries use Cyrillic alphabet? Khalkha Mongolian is also written with the Mongol vertical alphabet, which was the official script before 1941. Certain letters are handwritten differently, Between Ze ( ) and I ( ) is the letter Dze ( ), which looks like the Latin letter S and represents, Dje ( ) is replaced by Gje ( ), which represents, Tshe ( ) is replaced by Kje ( ), which represents, Lje ( ) often represents the consonant cluster. The non-Latin letters, including Cyrillic, were removed from the alphabet in 1982 and replaced with Latin letters that closely resembled the letters they replaced. South Slavic Cyrillic alphabets (with the exception of Bulgarian) are generally derived from Serbian Cyrillic. All of the peoples of the former Soviet Union who had been using an Arabic or other Asian script (Mongolian script etc.) While these languages largely have phonemic orthographies, there are occasional exceptionsfor example, Russian is pronounced /v/ in a number of words, an orthographic relic from when they were pronounced // (e.g. South Slavic Cyrillic alphabets (with the exception of Bulgarian) are generally derived from Serbian Cyrillic. Esto es porque ambos alfabetos tomaron algunas letras del griego! Capital and lowercase letters were not distinguished in old manuscripts. Today, Cyrillic is known as one of the most popular writing systems of the world. St. Cyril is believed to have developed a script that is the forerunner of today's Cyrillic alphabet. ", "On the relationship of old Church Slavonic to the written language of early Rus'" Horace G. Lunt; Russian Linguistics, Volume 11, Numbers 23 / January, 1987. Many Greek-derived letters are false friends. The Cyrillic Alphabets also have an interesting story behind their origins. In 2000 a new Latin alphabet was adopted for Tatar, but it is used generally on the Internet. 8 How is the Cyrillic alphabet different from the East Slavic alphabet? Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [26] The pre-reform letterforms, called '', were notably retained in Church Slavonic and are sometimes used in Russian even today, especially if one wants to give a text a 'Slavic' or 'archaic' feel. This table contains all the characters used. - , - , 15.10.2021. (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Bulgaria, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Abkhazia, South Ossetia) The Cyrillic Ivan G. Iliev. Buryat does not use , , , , , , or in its native words ( may occur in native onomatopoeic words). Soon, other new letters, such as and , were also introduced into the alphabet. 2012. The first alphabet derived from Cyrillic was Abur, used for the Komi language. However, a closer look reveals that it is a mishmash of several popular words and sounds derived from Greek, Hebrew, and the old Latin. Cyrillic. The earliest datable Cyrillic inscriptions have been found in the area of Preslav, in the medieval city itself and at nearby Patleina Monastery, both in present-day Shumen Province, as well as in the Ravna Monastery and in the Varna Monastery. With the flexibility of computer input methods, there are also transliterating or phonetic/homophonic keyboard layouts made for typists who are more familiar with other layouts, like the common English QWERTY keyboard. An alphabet is a standardized set of basic written graphemes (called letters) representing phonemes, units of sounds that distinguish words, of certain spoken languages. Paleographers consider the earliest features of Bosnian Cyrillic script had likely begun to appear between the 10th or 11th century, with the Humac tablet (a tablet written in Bosnian Cyrillic) to be the first such document using this type of script and is believed to date from this period. Later a succession of cursive forms developed. For the writing system as a whole, see, See the notes for each language for details, mid (2002), pp. A Byzantine monk named Saint Cyril created the Cyrillic alphabet in around 683 AD. Not all writing systems represent language in this way; in a syllabary, each character represents a syllable, and logographic systems use characters to represent words, morphemes, or other semantic units. East South Slavic languages and East Slavic languages, such as Bulgarian and Russian, share common features such as , , and . Tatar has used Cyrillic since 1939, but the Russian Orthodox Tatar community has used Cyrillic since the 19th century. The new script became the basis of alphabets used in various languages in Orthodox Church-dominated Eastern Europe, both Slavic and non-Slavic languages (such as Romanian, until the 1860s). and are used in loanwords only (Russian, Tibetan, etc. In this article, I will focus on only the Slavic languages that use the Cyrillic script. En cualquiera de estos cursos, puedes empezar por nuestra funcionalidad de Bingo para familiarizarte con las letras y reconocer los falsos amigos y los caracteres menos familiares derivados del griego y del glagoltico. Living Northwest Caucasian languages are generally written using Cyrillic alphabets. In Russia, Cyrillic was first written in the early Middle Ages in clear-cut, legible ustav (large letters). After the death of Cyril (869) and Methodius (885), the Glagolitic alphabet ceased to be used in Moravia, and their students were banished from the country. Many of the letters look very similar to those of Latin alphabets, like A, E, K, M, O, and T. However, some may have a different sound. [13][14][15][16] Paul Cubberley posits that although Cyril may have codified and expanded Glagolitic, it was his students in the First Bulgarian Empire under Tsar Simeon the Great that developed Cyrillic from the Greek letters in the 890s as a more suitable script for church books.[12]. Bosnia was biscriptal. The Turkey is literally surrounded by different form of scripts. Top 10 Alcohol Consuming Countries In The World, The Biggest Heists and Bank Robberies in American History. The little accents over these Cyrillic letters are a surefire way to tell Macedonian apart from Serbian. This is because both alphabets borrowed some letters from Greek! Latin is much more prevalent. [42] Other Cyrillic alphabets include the Molodtsov alphabet for the Komi language and various alphabets for Caucasian languages. Notes: Depending on fonts available, the Serbian row may appear identical to the Russian row. This varied history begins in ninth century Bulgaria with Saint-Czar Boris I, who wanted Bulgarians to adopt Christianity without sacrificing their language and culture. What is more, this alphabet is the sole official script across the EUs eastern border, in Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine. For example, the separatist Chechen government mandated a Latin script which is still used by many Chechens. Macedonian. Some of these are illustrated below; for others, and for more detail, see the links. Short History of the Cyrillic Alphabet. I would say at least seventy percent of people use Latin alphabet, but Cyrillic is the official/primary alphabet and all state institutions are obliged to use it. The Slavic languages, spoken by some 315 million people. The Cyrillic script (/srlk/ sih-RIL-ik), Slavonic script or the Slavic script, is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia. ), but may occur in native onomatopoeic words. Bulgaria is the birthplace of the Cyrillic alphabet, which was developed in Preslav and Ohrid Literary Schools during the tenth century. Like the word, seems like hoc, but it means nos, which implies nose. Why is it that the Cyrillic alphabet is used in Russia?1. Serbian. It was also transferred from Bulgaria and adopted by the East Slavic languages in Kievan Rus' and evolved into the Russian alphabet and the alphabets of many other Slavic (and later non-Slavic) languages. Si esto te parece complicado, muchas computadoras tienen una opcin para teclados fonticos para que no tengas que recordar dnde encajan los nuevos sonidos en tu teclado con alfabeto latino. Short vowels are omitted altogether in syllables after the first syllable ( = /xama/). While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. It is currently used either exclusively or as one of several alphabets for languages like Belarusian, Bulgarian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Macedonian, Montenegrin, Russian, Serbian, Tajik (a dialect of Persian), Turkmen, Ukrainian, and Uzbek. Which countries use Russian letters? Corrections? For those who are eager to learn the Cyrillic alphabet, knowledge of the Russian language can prove extremely handy, as the latter is drawn heavily from the former. Por ejemplo: Otras letras no tienen una contraparte idntica en latn. Belarusian and Ukrainian retain the pre-1918 letter I, which Russian dropped (there are other differences as well). Among others, Cyrillic is the standard script for writing the following languages: The Cyrillic script has also been used for languages of Alaska,[41] Slavic Europe (except for Western Slavic and some Southern Slavic), the Caucasus, the languages of Idel-Ural, Siberia, and the Russian Far East. What countries use the Cyrillic alphabet? No est del todo claro quin procedi en la creacin del alfabeto cirlico, pero s sabemos que surgi de estas escuelas literarias, donde tom mucho del griego para la creacin de letras y del glagoltico para sonidos especficamente eslavos. The creator is Saint Clement of Ohrid from the Preslav literary school in the First Bulgarian Empire. The Greek alphabet was originally the Greek alphabet with various changes . What is the Cyrillic alphabet? In Russia, this alphabet was first used as capital letters in the early Middle Ages. Which countries still use Cyrillic script? In certain cases, the correspondence between uppercase and lowercase glyphs does not coincide in Latin and Cyrillic fonts: for example, italic Cyrillic is the lowercase counterpart of not of . 2. The early Cyrillic alphabet was developed in the First Bulgarian Empire during the 9th century AD (in all probability in Ravna Monastery) at the Preslav Literary School by Saint Clement of Ohrid and Saint Naum and replaced the earlier Glagolitic script developed by the Byzantine theologians Cyril and Methodius (in all probability in Polychron). The name "Cyrillic" often confuses people who are not familiar with the script's history, because it does not identify a country of origin (in contrast to the "Greek alphabet"). (Top is set in Georgia font, bottom in Odessa Script. Glagolitic and Cyrillic were formalized by the Byzantine Saints Cyril and Methodius and their disciples, such as Saints Naum, Clement, Angelar, and Sava. Saints Naum and Clement, both of Ohrid and both among the disciples of Cyril and Methodius, are sometimes credited with having devised the Cyrillic alphabet. The Columbia Encyclopaedia, Sixth Edition. Upright Cyrillic lowercase letters are essentially small capitals (with exceptions: Cyrillic , , , , , and adopted Western lowercase shapes, lowercase is typically designed under the influence of Latin p, lowercase , and are traditional handwritten forms, although a good-quality Cyrillic typeface will still include separate small-caps glyphs.[33]. Cyrillic alphabet, writing system developed in the 9th-10th century ce for Slavic-speaking peoples of the Eastern Orthodox faith. 1. Entran en escena Cirilio y Metodio! Sabemos que Boris recibi a los discpulos de Cirilo y Metodio en el Imperio blgaro para abrir escuelas literarias donde se usara el alfabeto glagoltico pero los registros son un poco borrosos. The Cyrillic alphabet does of course cover a wide variety of languages and variants. Quizs hayas notado que muchas letras cirlicas se ven y suenan muy similar a letras del alfabeto latino. Click Here to see full-size tableAs the Slavic languages were richer in sounds than Greek, 43 letters were originally provided to represent them; the added letters were modifications or combinations of Greek letters or (in the case of the Cyrillic letters for ts, sh, and ch) were based on Hebrew. Which countries use Cyrillic alphabet? Kazakh can be alternatively written in the Latin alphabet. In the 1930s, some of those languages were switched to the Uniform Turkic Alphabet. 200105, O.Ed. The Cyrillic alphabet is used in both Slavic and non-Slavic countries, including in Turkic and Persian nations from Central Asia to Eastern Europe. National holidays honoring the brothers and Slavic literacy and culture are celebrated in Bulgaria . A Byzantine monk named Saint Cyril created the Cyrillic alphabet in around 683 AD. For the Unicode block, see, "Cyrillic" and "Cyrillic alphabet" redirect here. [12] Modern scholars believe that the Early Cyrillic alphabet was created at the Preslav Literary School, the most important early literary and cultural center of the First Bulgarian Empire and of all Slavs: Unlike the Churchmen in Ohrid, Preslav scholars were much more dependent upon Greek models and quickly abandoned the Glagolitic scripts in favor of an adaptation of the Greek uncial to the needs of Slavic, which is now known as the Cyrillic alphabet. The Rusyn Alphabet makes the Following Rules: The Cyrillic alphabet was originally developed in the First Bulgarian Empire during the 9th 10th century AD at the Preslav Literary School.[2][3]. Cyrillic is nominally the official script of Serbia's administration according to the Serbian constitution;[43] however, the law does not regulate scripts in standard language, or standard language itself by any means. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Cyrillic uppercase and lowercase letter forms are not as differentiated as in Latin typography. Exceptions and additions for particular languages are noted below. 43 letters were originally provided, being modifications or combinations of Greek characters or (in the case of the Cyrillic letters for ts, sh, and ch sounds, graphemes were based on Hebrew. Some of Russia's peoples such as the Tatars have also tried to drop Cyrillic, but the move was halted under Russian law. the lowercase italic Cyrillic , may look like Latin g, and , i.e. All these alphabets, and other ones (Abaza, Adyghe, Chechen, Ingush, Kabardian) have an extra sign: palochka (), which gives voiceless occlusive consonants its particular ejective sound. Letters became distinguished between upper and lower case. The Cyrillic alphabet is, like the Roman alphabet (that you are reading . Cyrillic is usually associated with Slavic languages like Russian and Bulgarian, and though the original script was designed for languages in this family, it isnt a firm rule. Since its inception, the Cyrillic alphabet has went through multiple changes. Which is the only country to use the Cyrillic alphabet? Este no era el alfabeto cirlico que conocemos hoy en da: se llama alfabeto glagoltico y se ve muy diferente del cirlico moderno. Which Slavic languages use Cyrillic alphabet? Cyrillic is a co-official or official script in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia, which may join the EU in the coming decade, which are post-Yugoslav. Because the Roman alphabet contains just 26 letters . In Bulgarian typography, many lowercase letterforms may more closely resemble the cursive forms on the one hand and Latin glyphs on the other hand, e.g. The Mongolic languages include Khalkha (in Mongolia; Cyrillic is official since 1941, in practice from 1946), Buryat (around Lake Baikal; Cyrillic is used since the 1930s) and Kalmyk (northwest of the Caspian Sea; Cyrillic is used in various forms since the 1920-30s). Which countries use Russian letters? Cyrillic spread among other Slavic peoples, as well as among non-Slavic Vlachs. In Microsoft Windows, the Segoe UI user interface font is notable for having complete support for the archaic Cyrillic letters since Windows 8. Yeri () was originally a ligature of Yer and I ( + = ). Avar is a Caucasian language, spoken in the Republic of Dagestan, of the Russian Federation, where it is co-official together with other Caucasian languages like Dargwa, Lak, Lezgian and Tabassaran. Depending on the choices of the font manufacturer, they may either be automatically activated by the local variant locl feature for text tagged with an appropriate language code, or the author needs to opt-in by activating a stylistic set ss## or character variant cv## feature. Bulgarian, Russian, Ukrainian and Serbian diasporas all over the world still make use of the alphabet. This system of letters is also used in countries of Central Asia. Por ejemplo, algunos idiomas eslavos como el checo, el eslovaco y el polaco usan el alfabeto latino, mientras que otros idiomas no eslavos como el tayiko, el trtaro y el mongol usan el alfabeto cirlico. This formed the creation of a new set of alphabets. Writing system developed in Bulgaria and used for various languages of Eurasia, This article is about the alphabet. The Cyrillic Alphabet. En definitiva, como sucede con la mayora de las cosas, el progreso viene de la exposicin y la prctica extendida. In practice the scripts are equal, with Latin being used more often in a less official capacity. It is currently used exclusively or as one of several alphabets for more than 50 languages, notably Belarusian , Bulgarian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Macedonian, Montenegrin (spoken in Montenegro; also called Serbian), Russian . The following list some of these language differences. The Slavic languages, spoken by some 315 million people. English: This map shows the countries in the world that use the Cyrillic alphabet Cyrillic is the sole official script. Late Medieval Cyrillic letters (categorized as vyaz' and still found on many icon inscriptions today) show a marked tendency to be very tall and narrow, with strokes often shared between adjacent letters. The birth place of the Cyrillic alphabet is Bulgaria. It's the Cyrillic alphabet, the third official alphabet in the European Union, after Latin and Greek. The Cyrillic alphabet was an indirect result of the missionary work of the 9th-century Apostles of the Slavs, St. Cyril (or Constantine) and St. Methodius. They developed out of the dialects of Proto-Slavic. The current form of the Cyrillic Alphabet saw first use in 1708 during Peter the Great of Russia's reign. The early Cyrillic alphabet was developed in the 9th century AD and replaced the earlier Glagolitic script developed by the Byzantine theologians Cyril and Methodius. An apostrophe () is used to indicate depalatalization, The letter combinations Dzh() and Dz() appear after D() in the Belarusian alphabet in some publications. Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, mandated the use of westernized letter forms (ru) in the early 18th century. In 1918, more unnecessary letters were removed, leaving the alphabet in its current state in many Slavic Orthodox countries. Later, such alphabets were created for some of the Siberian and Caucasus peoples who had recently converted to Christianity. The characters in the range U+0460 to U+0489 are historic letters, not used now. It is currently used exclusively or as one of several alphabets for more than 50 languages, notably Belarusian , Bulgarian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Macedonian, Montenegrin (spoken in Montenegro; also called Serbian), Russian . Today, nearly 50 languages throughout parts of Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and Siberia use Cyrillic as their official script. Especially in the period of Tsarist Russia, the Turkish people who continued their existence within the borders of Russia were tried to be adopted. Of the quarter of a billion worldwide users of the general Cyrillic alphabet, nearly half of them live in Russia. Estos son dos de mis favoritos: El cirlico puede parecer un poco chocante al principio, en especial cuando te encuentras con varios caracteres poco familiares a la vez, pero no te desanimes! The name 'Cyrillic alphabet' honours the younger of the Cyril and Methodius brothers, born in Thessaloniki at the . The Kalmyk () Cyrillic script differs from Khalkha in some respects: there are additional letters (, , ), letters , and appear only word-initially, long vowels are written double in the first syllable (), but single in syllables after the first. The Cyrillic letters , , and are not used in native Mongolian words, but only for Russian or other loans ( may occur in native onomatopoeic words). The Buryat () Cyrillic script is similar to the Khalkha above, but indicates palatalization as in Russian. Latin is going to be the only used alphabet in 2022, alongside the modified Arabic alphabet (in the People's Republic of China, Iran and Afghanistan). Punctuation for Cyrillic text is similar to that used in European Latin-alphabet languages. For example, Aa is pronounced as a, and Pp is pronounced as r. There are 33 letters in the Russian Cyrillic alphabet, of which 10 are vowel letters, 21 are consonant letters, and two are signs. Note that J, U and W would all look weird to an ancient Roman, as they werent present in the original Roman alphabet. How do you get white residue off black tiles? Which country invented the Cyrillic alphabet? Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The first few of these alphabets were developed by Orthodox missionaries for the Finnic and Turkic peoples of Idel-Ural (Mari, Udmurt, Mordva, Chuvash, and Kerashen Tatars) in the 1870s. [44], The Zhuang alphabet, used between the 1950s and 1980s in portions of the People's Republic of China, used a mixture of Latin, phonetic, numeral-based, and Cyrillic letters. About half of them are in Russia. Here two of my favorites: Cyrillic can look daunting at first, especially when you see a lot of unfamiliar characters all at once, but dont be discouraged! The Cyrillic letters , , are not used in native Tatar words, but only for Russian loans. Unicode approximations are used in the faux row to ensure it can be rendered properly across all systems. The new letterforms, called the Civil script, became closer to those of the Latin alphabet; several archaic letters were abolished and several new letters were introduced designed by Peter himself. The translation was extremely tough due to the presence of many bizarre sounds in the Slavic dialect.
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